The Senate Parliamentarian has ruled that portions of the Republican-backed “One Big, Beautiful Bill” aimed at overhauling federal student loan repayment can’t apply to current borrowers. The Byrd Rule is a procedural limit that blocks unrelated policy items from advancing through budget reconciliation – and several key provisions of the GOP plan tripped this provision.

At the center of the dispute is the plan that would eliminate existing repayment options, including existing IDR Plans like IBR, ICR, and PAYE, and replace them with just two: a fixed-payment standard plan or a new income-driven option called the Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP). Those changes, scheduled to take effect in 2026, would have applied to all borrowers, even those already in repayment.

That was rejected by the Parliamentarian, who said such sweeping changes to legal obligations fall outside the boundaries of budget reconciliation, meaning they would require a 60-vote majority to pass.

For current borrowers, the decision means their repayment plan options, at least for now, will remain unchanged. 

It’s important to note that this also impacts the SAVE plan. While the SAVE plan is blocked by the courts, the proposed bill would have officially ended it. Now, if that provision dies, the SAVE plan would still survive until the court actually rules. This would draw out the SAVE forbearance even longer, according to our timeline estimates.

What Is The Byrd Rule And Why It Matters

The Byrd Rule is named after former Senator Robert Byrd and is a guardrail in the Senate budget reconciliation process. Reconciliation allows the Senate to pass certain bills (such as the budget reconciliation bill) with a simple majority, but it comes with strict limits. One of them is that provisions must have a direct and significant budget impact, and not be “merely incidental” to broader policy changes.

In this case, the Parliamentarian determined that removing current repayment plans for existing borrowers didn’t qualify. This follows a Byrd Rule decision last week that the Senate could not defund the CFPB.

This means the repayment overhaul Republicans proposed must only apply to future borrowers, or be passed through regular legislation, which would require at least 60 votes in the Senate, an unlikely outcome.

What Is Being Challenged?

Section 82001 of the Senate bill (PDF File) attempted to end the existing student loan repayment plans (IBR, ICR, PAYE, and SAVE), and migrate existing borrowers into an amended version of IBR. 

It would also only allow a new Standard repayment plan, and the Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP) for new borrowers going forward after July 1, 2026. 

The changes to existing borrowers is what’s being challenged and blocked by the Parliamentarian. This includes ending the existing loan repayment plans (IBR, PAYE, ICR, and SAVE) and forcing them to migrate to IBR. This is a big relief for existing borrowers, especially parent PLUS loan borrowers, that may have been cutoff from affordable repayment plan and loan forgiveness options.

However, the Byrd Rule does not block changes for future borrowers. This means that changes to student loan borrowing caps, and the elimination of Grad PLUS Loans could still happen.

What Happens Next?

With reconciliation no longer a viable path for student loan repayment plan changes, attention may shift to the regulatory process. The Trump administration could still attempt to phase out or revise current IDR plans through rulemaking. But that process would be slower, subject to public comment, and could also face lawsuits. That’s the path that’s currently happening for PSLF changes.

While the Big Beautiful Bill isn’t finalized yet, it appears that existing borrowers can expect to keep their current repayment options, including the SAVE Plan (until the court ends the SAVE plan). However, future borrowers will still face a lot of changes. 

It’s important to remember that we’re likely still several weeks away from a final version of the bill, so make sure that you’re following important changes that could impact your student loan repayment or future education.

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